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Waxy flexibility

MedGen UID:
68573
•Concept ID:
C0233612
•
Sign or Symptom
Synonyms: Cerea Flexibilitas; Flexibilitas, Cerea; Flexibilities, Waxy; Flexibility, Waxy; Waxy Flexibilities; Waxy Flexibility
SNOMED CT: Flexibilitas cerea (13052006); Waxy flexibility (13052006)

Professional guidelines

PubMed

The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia.
Wilson JE, Niu K, Nicolson SE, Levine SZ, Heckers S
Schizophr Res 2015 May;164(1-3):256-62. Epub 2015 Jan 13 doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.036. PMID: 25595653
Clinical predictors of response to treatment in catatonia.
Narayanaswamy JC, Tibrewal P, Zutshi A, Srinivasaraju R, Math SB
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012 May-Jun;34(3):312-6. Epub 2012 Mar 2 doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.01.011. PMID: 22387048
ECT in the treatment of a patient with catatonia: consent and complications.
Zisselman MH, Jaffe RL
Am J Psychiatry 2010 Feb;167(2):127-32. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050703. PMID: 20123920

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Case of paediatric catatonia precipitated by antipsychotic withdrawal in a child with autism spectrum disorder.
Faisal M, Pradeep V, O'Hanrahan S
BMJ Case Rep 2021 Apr 23;14(4) doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240785. PMID: 33893126Free PMC Article
Validation of the Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale (PCRS).
Benarous X, Consoli A, Raffin M, Bodeau N, Giannitelli M, Cohen D, Olliac B
Schizophr Res 2016 Oct;176(2-3):378-386. Epub 2016 Jul 1 doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.020. PMID: 27377978
The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia.
Wilson JE, Niu K, Nicolson SE, Levine SZ, Heckers S
Schizophr Res 2015 May;164(1-3):256-62. Epub 2015 Jan 13 doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.036. PMID: 25595653
ECT in the treatment of a patient with catatonia: consent and complications.
Zisselman MH, Jaffe RL
Am J Psychiatry 2010 Feb;167(2):127-32. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050703. PMID: 20123920
Is stupor by itself a catatonic symptom?
Benegal V, Hingorani S, Khanna S, Channabasavanna SM
Psychopathology 1992;25(5):229-31. doi: 10.1159/000284777. PMID: 1293621

Diagnosis

Gaps and Controversies in Catatonia as a Movement Disorder.
Lenka A, Perera VM, Espay AJ, Pontone GM, Okun MS
Mov Disord 2024 Oct;39(10):1716-1728. Epub 2024 Jun 26 doi: 10.1002/mds.29906. PMID: 38924566
Celiac disease and catatonia: more than a coincidence?
Özbudak P, Karaduman AE, Menderes DK, Öztürk H, Gücüyener K
Turk J Pediatr 2023;65(1):144-148. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2022.411. PMID: 36866995
Structure and neural mechanisms of catatonia.
Walther S, Stegmayer K, Wilson JE, Heckers S
Lancet Psychiatry 2019 Jul;6(7):610-619. Epub 2019 Jun 10 doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30474-7. PMID: 31196794Free PMC Article
The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia.
Wilson JE, Niu K, Nicolson SE, Levine SZ, Heckers S
Schizophr Res 2015 May;164(1-3):256-62. Epub 2015 Jan 13 doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.036. PMID: 25595653
Movement disorders in catatonia.
Wijemanne S, Jankovic J
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015 Aug;86(8):825-32. Epub 2014 Nov 19 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309098. PMID: 25411548

Therapy

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in children and adolescents: Systematic review of case reports.
León-Amenero D, Huarcaya-Victoria J
Rev Colomb Psiquiatr (Engl Ed) 2021 Oct-Dec;50(4):290-300. Epub 2021 Nov 4 doi: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2019.10.006. PMID: 34742696
Catatonia-Like Syndrome Treated With Low-Dose Ketamine.
Iserson KV, Durga D
J Emerg Med 2020 May;58(5):771-774. Epub 2020 Jan 27 doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.12.030. PMID: 32001125
Validation of the Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale (PCRS).
Benarous X, Consoli A, Raffin M, Bodeau N, Giannitelli M, Cohen D, Olliac B
Schizophr Res 2016 Oct;176(2-3):378-386. Epub 2016 Jul 1 doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.020. PMID: 27377978
The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia.
Wilson JE, Niu K, Nicolson SE, Levine SZ, Heckers S
Schizophr Res 2015 May;164(1-3):256-62. Epub 2015 Jan 13 doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.036. PMID: 25595653
Movement disorders in catatonia.
Wijemanne S, Jankovic J
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015 Aug;86(8):825-32. Epub 2014 Nov 19 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309098. PMID: 25411548

Prognosis

Clinical features and predictors of non-response in severe catatonic patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy.
Tripodi B, Barbuti M, Novi M, Salarpi G, Fazzari G, Medda P, Perugi G
Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021 Sep;25(3):299-306. Epub 2021 Aug 12 doi: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1951294. PMID: 34382488
Clinical predictors of response to treatment in catatonia.
Narayanaswamy JC, Tibrewal P, Zutshi A, Srinivasaraju R, Math SB
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012 May-Jun;34(3):312-6. Epub 2012 Mar 2 doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.01.011. PMID: 22387048
Response rate of catatonia to electroconvulsive therapy and its clinical correlates.
Raveendranathan D, Narayanaswamy JC, Reddi SV
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012 Aug;262(5):425-30. Epub 2011 Dec 30 doi: 10.1007/s00406-011-0285-4. PMID: 22207031
Catatonic schizophrenia and the use of memantine.
Carpenter SS, Hatchett AD, Fuller MA
Ann Pharmacother 2006 Feb;40(2):344-6. Epub 2005 Dec 27 doi: 10.1345/aph.1G297. PMID: 16380435
Catatonia, autism, and ECT.
Zaw FK, Bates GD, Murali V, Bentham P
Dev Med Child Neurol 1999 Dec;41(12):843-5. doi: 10.1017/s001216229900167x. PMID: 10619284

Clinical prediction guides

Gaps and Controversies in Catatonia as a Movement Disorder.
Lenka A, Perera VM, Espay AJ, Pontone GM, Okun MS
Mov Disord 2024 Oct;39(10):1716-1728. Epub 2024 Jun 26 doi: 10.1002/mds.29906. PMID: 38924566
Celiac disease and catatonia: more than a coincidence?
Özbudak P, Karaduman AE, Menderes DK, Öztürk H, Gücüyener K
Turk J Pediatr 2023;65(1):144-148. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2022.411. PMID: 36866995
Clinical features and predictors of non-response in severe catatonic patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy.
Tripodi B, Barbuti M, Novi M, Salarpi G, Fazzari G, Medda P, Perugi G
Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021 Sep;25(3):299-306. Epub 2021 Aug 12 doi: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1951294. PMID: 34382488
Catatonia-Like Syndrome Treated With Low-Dose Ketamine.
Iserson KV, Durga D
J Emerg Med 2020 May;58(5):771-774. Epub 2020 Jan 27 doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.12.030. PMID: 32001125
Validation of the Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale (PCRS).
Benarous X, Consoli A, Raffin M, Bodeau N, Giannitelli M, Cohen D, Olliac B
Schizophr Res 2016 Oct;176(2-3):378-386. Epub 2016 Jul 1 doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.020. PMID: 27377978

Recent systematic reviews

Catatonia associated with epileptic seizures: A systematic review of case reports.
Silva Gadelho L, Gama Marques J
Epilepsy Res 2022 Oct;186:107016. Epub 2022 Sep 6 doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107016. PMID: 36116265
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in children and adolescents: Systematic review of case reports.
León-Amenero D, Huarcaya-Victoria J
Rev Colomb Psiquiatr (Engl Ed) 2021 Oct-Dec;50(4):290-300. Epub 2021 Nov 4 doi: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2019.10.006. PMID: 34742696

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